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mating likes: same as assortive mating. Understanding mating preferences can help farmers improve breeding programs and ensure better livestock productivity.

Mendel’s laws: the laws governing heredity. The two laws set out by Gregor Mendel following his experiments growing peas, were (in modern terms): that genes for separate genetic characters assort independently of each other and that the genes for a pair of genetic characters are carried by different gametes. For animal breeders, the main feature of Mendelism is that it is based on simple and clearly-defined traits that are inherited as separate entities: these were traits such as colour, which are controlled by single genes. Understanding Mendel’s laws can help farmers improve their breeding programs and ensure better genetic diversity and productivity.

methane: a colourless flammable gas produced naturally from rotting organic waste, as in landfill sites or animal excreta. Formula: CH4. Methane is produced naturally from rotting vegetation in marshes, where it can sometimes catch fire, creating the phenomenon called will o’ the wisp, a light flickering over a marsh. Large quantities may also be formed in the rumen of cattle. It occurs as the product of animal excretions in livestock farming. Excreta from livestock can be passed into tanks where methane is extracted leaving the slurry which is then used as fertiliser. The methane can be used for heating or as a power source. Methane is also a greenhouse gas, and it has been suggested that methane from rotting vegetation, from cattle excreta, from water in paddy fields, and even from termites’ nests, all contribute to the greenhouse effect. Understanding the production and management of methane can help farmers reduce greenhouse gas emissions and utilize methane as a renewable energy source, contributing to environmental sustainability and farm profitability.

mastitis: a common bacterial disease affecting dairy animals in which the udders become inflamed and swollen, and the passage of the milk is blocked. Common causes are staphylococci such as Staphylococcus aureus (staphylococcal mastitis), streptococci (Streptococcus uberis) or other bacteria (E. coli mastitis). The condition can be treated with antibiotics. Managing and preventing mastitis is crucial for maintaining the health and productivity of dairy animals, ensuring better milk yield and quality.

mechanisation: the introduction of machines for agricultural working purposes. Mechanisation has been an important factor in the contraction of the agricultural labour force. Mechanisation has not only involved increases in the number and range of machines, but also dramatic increases in their size and power. This has enabled slopes previously regarded as too steep for ploughing to be cultivated. The increased size of tractors and combines has encouraged enlargement of fields and the removal of hedgerows. This has caused alarm amongst conservationists and led to increased erosion in wet weather in some areas. Understanding the benefits and challenges of mechanisation can help farmers optimize their operations and improve productivity while managing environmental impacts.

mapping: the process of collecting information and using it to produce maps. Effective mapping can help farmers plan and manage their land more efficiently, leading to better resource allocation and improved farm productivity.

margin: the edge of a place or thing. Unploughed strips at the margins of fields can provide important habitats for wildlife, contributing to biodiversity and environmental sustainability on farms.

microorganism: an organism that can only be seen with a microscope. Viruses, bacteria, protozoa and fungi are all forms of microorganism. Understanding the role of microorganisms can help farmers manage soil and livestock health more effectively, ensuring better productivity and sustainability.

mids: middle-sized potatoes which are graded and sold for human consumption. Understanding the grading and marketability of mids can help farmers optimize their potato production and income.

mono-: prefix one. Understanding the uses of the prefix mono- can help farmers and researchers communicate more effectively about genetic and biological processes.